Nanoanalysis of a sub-nanometre reaction layer in a metal inserted high-k gate stack

Reactions at the interfaces can occur in metal inserted high-k gate stacks and are likely to evolve during device processing. Such reactions may affect the electrical properties of the stack and hence these could change during processing. The key interfaces are often not atomically flat and characterising the reaction layers on the near atomic scale required is a challenge. Aberration corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) and spectrum imaging (SI) using electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) is used to characterise an HfN or Hf(O,N) reaction layer, ∼0.25 nm wide, between HfO<sub>2</sub> and TiN. This demonstrates the very significant advances in high spatial resolution characterisation made in recent years

Magnetic induction plasma engine Final report

Wall interaction reduction in magnetic induction plasma accelerato

Feasibility of Photofrin II as a radiosensitizing agent in solid tumors - Preliminary results

Background: Photofrin II has been demonstrated to serve as a specific and selective radiosensitizing agent in in vitro and in vivo tumor models. We aimed to investigate the feasibility of a clinical application of Photofrin II. Material and Methods: 12 patients were included in the study (7 unresectable solid tumors of the pelvic region, 3 malignant gliomas, 1 recurrent oropharyngeal cancer, 1 recurrent adenocarcinoma of the sphenoid sinus). The dose of ionizing irradiation was 30-50.4 Gy; a boost irradiation of 14 Gy was added for the pelvic region. All patients were intravenously injected with 1 mg/kg Photofrin II 24 h prior to the commencement of radiotherapy. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) controls and in some cases positron emission tomography (PET) were performed in short intervals. The mean follow-up was 12.9 months. Results: No major adverse events were noted. Minor adverse events consisted of mild diarrhea, nausea and skin reactions. A complete remission was observed in 4/12 patients. A reduction in local tumor volume of > 45% was achieved in 4/12 patients. Stable disease was observed in 4/12 patients. 1 patient showed local disease progression after 5 months. Conclusion: The early follow-up results are encouraging regarding the feasibility of the application of Photofrin II as a radiosensitizing agent

Priority monism and essentiality of fundamentality: a reply to Steinberg

Steinberg has recently proposed an argument against Schaffer’s priority monism. The argument assumes the principle of Necessity of Monism, which states that if priority monism is true, then it is necessarily true. In this paper, I argue that Steinberg’s objection can be eluded by giving up Necessity of Monism for an alternative principle, that I call Essentiality of Fundamentality, and that such a principle is to be preferred to Necessity of Monism on other grounds as well